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The Agua Dulce or Agua Fresca (Freshwater) were a Timucua group of northeastern Florida. They lived in the St. Johns River watershed north of Lake George, and spoke a dialect of the Timucua language also known as Agua Dulce. In the 1560s Agua Dulce villages were organized into a chiefdom known as the Utina, one of the region's most powerful and prominent forces in the early days of European colonization in Florida. They had dealings with the French colony of Fort Caroline, and later allied with the Spanish of St. Augustine, who established several missions in their territory. However, the chiefdom declined significantly in the last decades of the 16th century, and their confederacy fragmented into at least three chiefdoms. The main body of the tribe withdrew south along the St. Johns River, and were known as the Agua Dulce to the Spanish. A group of Christianized Agua Dulce migrated to the east towards St. Augustine, and became known as the Tocoy. The Acuera, who spoke a different dialect but appear to have been part of the Utina confederacy in the days of French settlement, also broke away and established their own chiefdom. ==Name== ''Agua Dulce'' or ''Agua Fresca'' (both meaning "Freshwater") was a Spanish term for Timucua living along the freshwater lower St. Johns River, as opposed to the Mocama or "Salt Water" who lived along the coast.〔Milanich, p. 42, 98–99.〕 The Utina chiefdom of the late 16th century is so called after its paramount chief at the time of contact with the Europeans, Olata Ouae Utina; other spellings of the name include "Outina". The name "Utina" does not appear to be a designation specific to this group; ''uti-na'' means "my land" in Timucuan.〔Milanich, p. 46.〕 The Saturiwa, another Timucua chiefdom who were enemies of the Utina, called them "Thimogona" or "Tymangoua", which is possibly the origin of the name "Timucua".〔 The French followed the Saturiwa in this usage but later, the Spanish used the word "Timucua" for a much wider area of northern Florida, which they incorporated into their mission system as the Timucua Province.〔 In the 17th century the Spanish thus came to know the principal tribe in the Timucua Province, who lived to the north of the former Utina chiefdom, as the Timucua. At this time, the descendents of Chief Utina's people were known instead as the Agua Dulce.〔Worth, p. xxii.〕 In the 20th century, after the name "Timucua" had come to be applied to all speakers of the Timucua language, scholars began using "Utina" as a generic term for the group the Spanish had known as the Timucua. However, this usage has caused confusion between the 16th-century Utina chiefdom and the "Timucua proper", who were never known as Utina by their contemporaries. As such scholars Jerald Milanich and Ken Johnson have suggested classing the two groups as eastern Utina and Northern Utina, respectively.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Agua Dulce people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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